Real Tips For Succeeding at an Online University

March 16, 2010

According to the 2008 Sloan Survey of Online Learning, enrollment in online colleges grew more than 12 percent from the year prior. These online, classroom-free programs are becoming increasingly popular as learners try to improve their education and skills, without giving up their regular paycheck.

The promise of the online classroom is attractive: no classroom session to attend and no gas or parking fees to incur. In most cases, class participation can be completed at midnight, or whenever you are available.

This flexibility should not, however, overshadow the commitment involved in taking classes at an online college. The coursework is generally as rigorous as it would be in a more traditional classroom setting. If you are considering pursuing your degree at an online college, these tips will prepare you for what lies ahead.

Start writing. In an online college setting, your communication with your instructor and classmates will largely be in the written form. To ask a question or respond to one, you will post messages in a message board or group chat environment. You may also be required to post a certain number of messages per week to earn attendance and/or participation credits. These messages would be in addition to your regular assignments.

If you cannot quickly translate your thoughts into written words, the online college format may feel cumbersome and stressful. Don’t underestimate the challenge of responding coherently to a discussion question, particularly after you’ve been working all day.

Start keeping a journal, so that you can get into the flow of writing your thoughts. The more comfortable you are with written communication, the faster you will be able to complete your online college requirements.

Get self-conscious. If you have been out of school for a while, you may have lost touch with the art of proofreading your own work. Further, you may have no idea how proficient you are in grammar, punctuation and spelling. Again, because the online environment requires you to communicate via writing, you will need to hone these skills.

As a first step, stop assuming that what you write makes perfect sense or is correct enough to be understandable. Start reviewing your writing - even if you only write when you are e-mailing your friends. Ask yourself if you are communicating clearly. Pay attention to the comments made by your word processor’s spelling and grammar checker. Start questioning your use of commas, apostrophes and other punctuation.

Update your software. Your online college program will probably specify acceptable formats for turning in your work. If the counselor tells you that your homework must be posted as Microsoft Word documents, then get Microsoft Word now. It will be too stressful to take care of the technology requirements after your classes have begun.

Have a technology backup plan. Consider what you will do if your computer blows up after your classes have started. Make arrangements for a backup computer and a backup Internet connection. Check with your local library if you don’t have a second computer, and make sure the machines in the computer lab have the required software. Some online colleges allow access via smartphones. University of Phoenix online classrooms, for example, are configured for iPhone access; this could be a viable alternative if something happens to your computer or Internet connection.

Adjust your priorities. Before you begin classes, decide where your education fits in within your life. Maybe it is your third priority, after work and family. If this is the case, write it down somewhere. When conflicts come up, remember those priorities. Say your boss asks you to work overtime and you need the cash; it’s alright to let your homework wait. But if your buddies want to go for an impromptu weekend in Vegas, your priorities indicate that you should decline.

Ask detailed questions. The teacher-student dialog in the online college setting is quite different from what it would be in a face-to-face classroom. In a classroom, you can walk up to your professor and say, “I’m confused.” The professor will then ask you a series of questions to determine the source of your confusion. In the online college environment, you have to post a message or e-mail to your professor. If you simply tell your professor that you’re confused, he or she will have to post a message back to you asking for more details. By the time you receive that message, you will have probably forgotten what the problem was.

When you need to ask a question, be prepared to give your professor as many details as possible. If you can’t do that in writing, then call your professor on the phone during his or her office hours. Being confused in college is a good thing - but only if you take the initiative to clear up that confusion.

Focus on the moral victories. If you have been out of school for awhile, you may be surprised by the rigor of the coursework. Although you may be the smartest person at your job, but that doesn’t necessarily translate to classroom performance. Don’t get discouraged if it takes time for you to adjust. Ask your counselor, your instructor or your fellow students for support. Focus on the big picture: an education is one of the most versatile gifts you can give yourself. So keeping giving and don’t give up.

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The 3 Phases of Your Private Pilot Training

March 16, 2010

To understand the private pilot flight training process, I am going to explain to you how the pilot training process works. For the most part, there are three parts to the private pilot training process . Each phase has a purpose and a set of requirements that must be followed. You will need to go through each part of your pilot training in order for you to become a licensed pilot .They are listed and explained below:.

1: The pre solo stage: You will get familiar with the airplane and understand the basic flight maneuvers in this phase of your pilot training . The first Part of your flight training you will cover the fundamentals of flight and then progress through high altitude maneuvers, ground reference maneuvers, slips to landing, normal and crosswind takeoffs and landings and finally emergency procedures.

You should be given homework questions and a syllabus when you first start this phase of your private pilot license training. You should know what is going to come up in the next flight so you can study it before you get in the airplane.

Before you solo,You will have to take a written test given to you by your flight instructor on the airplane and the airport you are flying out of along with the applicable regulations and requirements in the FAR’s ( Federal Aviation Regulations).

This phase of your private pilot training should take somewhere around fifteen to twenty hours of flying and 4-5 hours of ground instruction if you are on top of your studying. Remember if you are having problems with a certain maneuver, your instructor should move you forward to the next phase of training if you aren’t quite ready to solo. In order to keep track and on your budget, you will want to move forward with your training if you have to overcome any problems.

2: Post Solo Training: This phase of your pilot training will start off with more accurate types of landings known as soft field and short field takeoffs and landings. Starting off with simulated instrument flight then you will finally move to cross country and night flight. There is not a specific aeronautical knowledge requirement for this phase of your training but there is a requirement that the instructor has given you instruction in the areas I listed above.

The soft field, soft field takeoffs and landings and the simulated instrument flight will be required before you can go on any solo cross country flights. This phase of your flight you will have several solo flights to start practicing your pre solo maneuvers.

Your FAA Private Pilot Written test should be finished during this portion of your Private Pilot License Training. You will not want your written test to get in the way of your progress. You can wait until you get to the flight test preparation phase but you should get it done as soon as practical. In order to get the FAA written test out of the way, you should take the test as soon as practical.

3: Flight Test Phase: This is the phase of your private pilot training that you want to get proficient and confident in all of the maneuvers listed in the practical test standards. At this part of your pilot training , you should not be surprised by anything new. You should have been instructed in each item in the practical test standards.

This phase of private pilot license training should be just sharpening your skills. When you start this part of your private pilot training you should have a good idea of all the items listed in the Practical test standards. Now it is time to get everything down pat so you don’t have any problems passing your private pilot flight test.

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The Importance of Providing Positive Behavior Support (PBS) at School and at Home

March 16, 2010

Home and school should be a place where children are encouraged to grow academically and socially. Both places should pride themselves on providing the support that will prepare children to not only become contributing members of society, but future leaders as well.

Positive Behavior Support (PBS) refers to the application of positive behavioral interventions and systems to achieve socially important behavior change. PBS is the integration of defined and valued outcomes; behavioral and biomedical science; research-validated practices; and systems change to both enhance the broad quality with which all students are living/learning and reduce problem behaviors.

PBS was initially used approximately 20 years ago as an alternative to aversive interventions used with students with significant disabilities who engaged in extreme forms of self-injury and aggression. It has most recently been applied successfully with a wide range of students in a wide range of contexts, and extended from an intervention approach for individual students to an intervention approach for entire schools. Families are also taking advantage of the skills learned and applying them at home.

Teachers and parents all over the country are seeking skills assistance for behavior and classroom management. There are many competing social and behavioral factors that are affecting the learning process in each classroom and at home, making the job of actually teaching and parenting, a lot more difficult. With a higher number of diagnosed learning disabilities in the school population, it can create insurmountable odds in the face of increased academic and disciplinary accountability. PBS helps educators and parents to understand the critical practices and systems of positive behavior support. It is not a single theory, but a compilation of the best practices of proven strategies.

The PBS approach is founded on this science of human behavior. Key messages from behavioral science state that much of human behavior is learned; comes under the control of environmental factors; and can be changed. As problem behaviors become more understandable, so does one’s ability to teach more socially appropriate and functional behavior. The process pays attention to important lifestyle results, works from a systems perspective, and gives priority to research-validated practices.

Behavior is a communication tool. It is used to tell another person what it is that we need. Maladaptive behavior is often used to communicate when a person lacks the skills for asking in adaptive ways or the adaptive way in which they communicated was ignored or not heard by others. The child who acts out in the supermarket and is rewarded with a lollipop because it is less embarrassing than yelling, will more than likely act out at the supermarket again in search of another lollipop. An important component of the PBS program at Vincent Smith School in Port Washington is the Self-Advocacy and Mentoring (SAM) Program which has been designed and implemented to allow students to develop the necessary skills for communication, self-advocacy, autonomy, and the ability to access needed services and support.

PBS does not attempt to address negative behavior as much as it attempts to reinforce positive behavior. Research has shown that students do not learn better ways of behaving when presented with aversive consequences for their problem behaviors. Addressing such behavior requires an increased emphasis on proactive approaches in which expected and more socially acceptable behaviors are directly taught, regularly practiced and followed by repetitive positive reinforcement. By doing so, schools can shift from reactive interventions to prevention efforts.

PBS is not a program that displays its full value overnight. Effective practices and systems of PBS must be sustained for several years to maximize its effectiveness. The program aims to assist local and state education agents in their efforts to improve school climate and positive behavior support for all students.

In its first full year at Vincent Smith, the program produced several student and staff successes: a leadership team was formed; staff and students on the elementary and middle school level took self-assessments on their teaching and learning styles; staff agreed to focus on teaching and reinforcing the six pillars of character development - trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring and good citizenship - with a special emphasis on respect; the leadership team designed a survey to measure student and teacher opinions; and everyone on campus participated in a school-wide project in celebration of Earth Month.

“Positive Behavior Support is not just about changing the climate, but the entire culture of the school and/or home,” said Dr. Veronica McCue, Principal. “By doing so, children have taken a sense of ownership for their behavior and the environment around them. While they continue to receive external rewards, they are being guided on how to internalize those rewards into specific behaviors. Parents and educators are being challenged to produce global citizens in a world of contradictions.”

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What is the Importance of International Program For Students?

March 15, 2010

In high school, students are given opportunities that will shape who they are and help them to become the very best. One of those programs is the international program for students. This is a program that allows high school aged kids to go to another country and attend school for a semester. While some students want to do this, many parents want to know of the importance of international program for students. Let us help you to understand.

One of the first things that high school students gain from this sort of experience is that they are able to look at the place in which they live and find why they love it so much. They get to see how other places differ. This way they recognize all the great things they have.

One of the major things they will learn first hand is the governmental systems. Each government system is different. Some are different for the good. Others are different for the worse. They can see these and they also get to see how these governments affect the people in which they govern.

They get to see the differences in the school system. While some school systems are great, there are some that are really not on top of the game. They do not benefit those students who have to learn with this system. They get to see how those students thrive and survive.

They are immersed with a new culture. They learn to speak as the natives speak. They go to different events that they might or might not know much about. They will be a part of this culture and are expected to assimilate as best as possible. This can be a great challenge, but as they learn to adjust they get to have an open mind about things.

They will learn to accept other cultures. This is something that we don’t teach our children enough of. They are taught to see the negatives in people and not the positives. With doing this program, they have a chance in which they can see both. Not every society is bad. You can learn a few things from other cultures and this is how they can learn to do so.

They are on their own so they have to keep their head above water. They have a host family, but the host family is not there to raise them. They are there to give them food and shelter and act as the person that they go to when it comes to legal matters and such, but they are put into this situation where they have to learn everything and make it on their own.

Above all, they get to see and go someplace which many people miss the chance on. They are put in a one on one learning situation. They will learn how to do things differently. They will interact with people that they never thought they would have the chance to interact with. That is what this program is all about. It’s giving student the opportunity to stand up for their country, but to learn from another.

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Lessons Students Will Face in University and Beyond

March 15, 2010

There are many things students will face in University and beyond. Students are ripped from their comfort zone, their friends, their family, and everything they have known for eighteen years. They are then faced with themselves, with the new found freedom life in the university will bring. New friends, professors, a different lifestyle, and the hopes of their future are just some of the things they will face.

When a student is thrown on campus they usually do not know anybody. Campus meetings, orientation, and freshman mixers are common activities students will participate in. They will meet a number of peers with various backgrounds. It is then they start taking the steps toward the person they will become at the end of their journey.

Professors not only help teach and train their students on the subject matter they’ve become experts in they also help mold them into the person they are to become. They set certain expectations on them and guide them. The professor is anticipating that the student will be able to manage their class load along with any other classes they may be taking.

Set office hours are put in place and the professor sets time aside to answer any questions the student may have. It is important that the student realizes their responsibility at that time and takes advantage of everything offered to best utilize their time and maximize the benefit of their experience.

Students’ lifestyles are changed drastically when entering the University. They soon come to the realization that late nights full of different entertainment options are more common than they have ever been involved with before.

Learning to couple fun with work is one of the most important lessons they may learn. No parental supervision and endless entertainment options can be overwhelming. They may entice the student to put their school work on the back burner and enjoy themselves instead. When they learn to balance work and play they will be at an advantage when preparing for life outside of the University.

When the student enters their senior year they have become somewhat of an expert of managing their life at the University. They have accumulated a number of friends in which they share the same goals or have something in common. Professors are more like guidance counselors.

They have taken several classes and have made connections with a few teachers who have guided them along the way. They have also become experts in balancing work and play. They know what expectations the semester and their social life has put on them and they manage their time accordingly. The goal is within reach and they are excited to what the future holds.

The many lessons learned in University will help them manage their next phase in life. Managing interviews, social life, and expectations life will throw on them will become more manageable. They will navigate through life trying to find their foothold and put the lessons learned in University to a practical application in life.

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Encourage Your Children to Take Piano Lessons Or Guitar Lessons

March 15, 2010

Even when people are born without much ability to play a musical instrument, they usually still like music of some sort. However, everyone should still have taken some guitar or piano lessons at some point in their life.

There are countless ways to express this love of music. Two popular ways are playing in a band and dancing. Some simply write the music that others play. And then, of course, there are those who not only write the music, play it, or dance, they also write the lyrics.

Whatever ability children have or do not have, they need to play an instrument. And your encouragement will go a long way to influencing them to do it.

But they will need the benefits that having an instructor brings. This will give them direction and guidance. And this will improve anything they ever get out of their music. And it might help them express their feelings.

Growing up is not easy and it is often less easy to talk about how difficult it is. An outlet is needed, but is not there for many. Playing music is that outlet and lessons are the guidance they need to express it.

It is not easy for children to express themselves sometimes, especially as adolescents. Playing sports is a popular outlet for many, but playing a musical instruments is another choice for those who have other creative tendencies.

Playing on you own is not a bad way to learn. But playing a musical instrument without the consistent presence of a mentor is a waste. There is no direction and chances are that continuing as an adult will cease.

But honing that musical ability, regardless of its level, is essential for being a well-educated person. And learning these arts in school also improves your overall education.

Additionally, children become developed as adults in a more balanced, more natural way. They can access their emotions and reactions better. They have access to more outlets to express these and they can choose more wisely which outlets to use when.

They also learn to be diligent, to give a good effort, and to practice getting better at what they like. They will learn that working hard is good and worth the effort. They will appreciate the value of hard work, regardless of the mental talent.

The true benefits might come later in life, though. They will often be in the company of people who cannot play any music and they will be respected for their abilities.

This will be of service when they want to write a song for a girl. Or play the favorite song of their boyfriend at his birthday party. Or do anything to entertain people.

Not many people who can do these things regret being able to do them. Those who regret are those who did not continue taking their guitar or piano lessons. So allow your kids to express their inner musical selves. Everyone will benefit in ways you cannot imagine. Your children will love it and you for encouraging them.

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MBA Interview Secrets - Tips For Acing That MBA Interview and Beating Out the Competition

March 15, 2010

Getting into a top MBA program can be quite a challenge. And chances are that you’re not thinking about getting into just any old program either. You want a top notch program. Read on to discover a key strategy that will help you ace that MBA interview and get into the MBA program of choice.

Of course there is a lot of work involved when it comes to getting into a top MBA program. I bet you’re probably putting in a lot of effort into scoring good grades and especially good MCAT results. And then you’ll need letters of recommendation and an impressive resume.

That’s very helpful, for obvious reasons, but there’s something else that’s important. Those good grades and those impressive MCAT scores may help you get an interview, but it’ll actually be the MBA interview itself that will make or break your chances of actually getting in.

So what will it take to do well in the interview.

Here are a few tips:

1) They want students that will make them look good.

Remember that at all times. This is the key to getting into the program. Long after you have graduated, you’ll still be part of the program. If you do well, you’ll be one of their success stories. And they want as many of those as possible.

So whatever you do, you need to focus on what it would take to do well in the program.

Then do those things.

2) They want students who really want to be in THEIR program.

There’s nothing more demoralizing than having a student who’d rather be somewhere else. And since MBA programs have their pick of applicants, they will pick those who really want to be there.

So if you want to be among the top picks, research your prospective program and figure out as many solid reasons as possible why THIS is the program you really want to be part of.

3) Show commitment before they even admit you.

One way to do that is to visit their campus to check out the facilities, meet some of the faculty members and students there, and even attend a class or two.

It shows you’re really enthusiastic about their school, and it will put you on the short list of applicants once you actually apply and write about how much you enjoyed your visit and that you really, really hope that you’ll be accepted because you’re so looking forward to being part of their program.

4) How all of this will help you in your interview?

Once you get invited to the interview, you will benefit greatly from keeping all of the above in mind, and from having visited their campus before.

Remember, they want students who will be successful. So do what you can to demonstrate your commitment. Show them how well you’ll fit into their program and how much you’re looking forward to your time there.

And say a few nice things about your visit. What impressed you the most? Who do you want to study with? You get the idea. The fact that you have visited their program will make your enthusiasm all the more credible.

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Improve Brain Fitness With 5 Fun Brain Games

March 13, 2010

No one ever said you couldn’t have fun while improving your brainpower. There are plenty of online resources to help improve brain fitness. Here are five that you might enjoy.

1. Strimko

This is a numbers logic puzzle, based on a well-known idea about Latin squares, first considered by the famous Swiss mathematician Leonard Euler back in the 18th century. All challenges presented to a game player can be solved using logic and no special knowledge of anything else is needed. These are very simple puzzles possessing only three basic elements that include rows, columns and strength. Each of the game elements has an equal number of cells and the goal is to make each cell contains a whole set of specified numbers.

2. Speed Match

This is a game that is designed to train your brain to process information in a quick fashion and respond to it in an ever-decreasing time allotment. Game players are challenged to focus on improving brain processing speed which is often considered the obstacle for people using other cognitive abilities. Game players are going to develop skills for thinking faster as well as reacting to information presented to them in a quicker fashion.

3. Word Crunch

Game players are challenged to use a group of presented letters to create as many words as possible. All recognized words that are between 3 to 6 letters in length can score points. Bonus points will be awarded if a game player can cover all the different sets of words that are possibly available. Players develop memory and concentration skills along with associative reasoning powers.

4. Lost in Migration

This is one of the brain games that helps a player improve both concentration skills while developing increased brain fitness. Players will develop a greater degree of paying attention as well as deeper concentration and focus. Players learn to suppress any automatic responses to stimuli while putting into play cognitive skills to discern how to react to the stimuli in a planned fashion. Game goals include helping players avoid distraction while increasing concentration creating greater productivity.

5. Grow Cube

By initiating different relationships and combination, players actually create a society of strange little people. Players add items that affect how other items react depending upon what order is used to introduce these into the game. Players come across hidden surprises and when the correct pieces are placed together, points are rewarded. A player must select items in the correct order so these items interact in the right manner growing to each item’s maximum to score more points. It helps players develop greater memory and concentration skills as well as using stored information to make creative problem solving decisions.

Brain Games Online Improving Brain Fitness

These are only five of the many online resources one can find and put to task helping increase brain fitness. Like any other physical exercise that helps improve muscle power, brain exercises go a long way toward improving brain fitness and function. Access these brain games though simple search in your favourite search engine such as Google or Yahoo.

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Piltdown Man – Most Influential Hoax

March 13, 2010

In 1912 Charles Dawson an amateur British archaeologist discovered the first skull of apparently primitive hominid, ancestor of man - Piltdown man or Eoanthropus dawsoni in the Piltdown quarry of Sussex, England. The finding was exquisitely unique as the skull was expected to be the fossilised remains of a concealed form of early man - Homo sapiens with a primitive jaw.

As the era progressed new discoveries were made and Piltdown man became an anomaly. Finally, in 1953 the truth emerged - Piltdown man was a hoax!

The first Neanderthal fossil was discovered in 1856 and the hunt to find fossil remains of human ancestors continued. In the later half of the century exponential discoveries were made in Europe and Asia. Until, 1912, when Britain reported it’s first finding of the ancient remains of Pleistocene hominid. The reaction to the discovery was combined, while some paleontologists were enthusiastic, others were skeptical. The quarry yielded two skulls, a canine tooth, a tool carved from elephant tusk, a muzzle of Eoanthropus and fossil teeth from various Pleistocene animals.

The objectors held the viewpoint that the discovery of jawbone and skull was an accident of placement, since both came form different animals. They argued one accident of placement was plausible, but not recurring ones. During the next 20 years there were various findings of ancient hominids and near hominids, and none of them fit with the mythical Piltdown man.

From the chronology and the later reconstruction of events it became apparently evident that there never existed any - Homo sapiens with a primitive jaw. Originally it was believed that one skull was use, later in 1989 it was precisely established that two different skulls had been used, which resembled the Ona Indian tribe in Patagonia and the jawbone was that of an orangutan. Also, the remains were treated with iron to make them appear ancient and the jawbone denture was filed to fit the description.

With the emergence of new fossil dating technique- fluorine absorption test, the hoax of the Piltdown man was exposed. In 1949, the Piltdown fossils were subjected to the test and the remains were found to be relatively modern. Still the fraud was never questioned as an expert credential team supported it. However, none of them carried relative expertise on the subject matter, as the only available fossil present for study was that of early Neanderthal finds

The fraud had a significant impact on early research on human evolution. It led scientists to belive that the human brain expanded in size before the jaw adapted to new types of food and discarded the relevant discoveries of Australopithecine fossils, and the reconstruction of human evolution was thrown off track for decades.

On July 23, 1938, at Barkham Manor, Piltdown, Sir Arthur Keith unveiled a memorial to mark the site of the Piltdown Man’s discovery. The inscription on the memorial stone reads:

“Here in the old river gravel Mr Charles Dawson, FSA found the fossil skull of Piltdown Man, 1912-1913, The discovery was described by Mr Charles Dawson and Sir Arthur Smith Woodward, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, 1913-15.”

The nearby pub was renamed The Piltdown Man in honour of it. And is still in business.

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Is There Life on Mars?

March 13, 2010

Planet Mars has been a topic of controversy amongst the scientific community. Many believe the possibility of life on the planet while others support their disbelief through scientific evidence.

The famous “face” that appeared on the landscape of the planet, has now disappeared. The answer lies in the dust storms that gradually erode the Martian landscape. It was hypothesized that aliens created the face years ago when our planet was still a mass of gas. However, the recent research concludes the face as the natural phenomenon created by the Martian dust storms.

A team of NASA and Stanford University researchers in 1996 surprised the world when they published findings that meteorites recovered from the Allen Hills region of Antarctica contained evidence of possible past life on Mars. However, the topic remains debatable, when some scientists provided strong evidences against the sporadic discovery.

In the beginnings of 2005, NASA researchers claimed evidences reflecting a strong possibility of life on the Red Planet. Remarkable biological activity recorded in caves and sustained by pockets of water on Earth has been discovered on Mars.

Extremophiles are microbes that thrive in the most hostile environments like nuclear reactors, sub-zero temperatures and comfortably swimming in boiling water. They are employed to feed on oil spills in the ocean and others have medicinal application. But for many scientists, these enduring microbes are interesting as they suggest the potential for life on other planets.

These microbes have known to exist in high concentration of magnesium chloride, ten folds higher than seawater concentration at 2.5 miles below sea level at an atmospheric pressure above 400, and lack of oxygen. With this exploding discovery scientists believe the possibility of life on other planets as well.

“Ascertaining the nature of the subsurface on other planets is tricky, but there is growing evidence for hypersaline environments of Mars and Jupiter’s moon, Europa. Indeed, Europa is believed to have a subsurface ocean rich in magnesium salts.” Terry McGenity (Scientist-University of Essex, Biodeep project)

On August 6, 1996, NASA discovered the evidence for the existence of fossil life on Mars on the SNC meteorite that was ejected into space by an asteroid impact on Mars about 15 million years ago, until it impacted in Antarctic ice field about 13,000 years ago, and was found in 1984. Popularly referred as Allen Hills 84001 or ALH 84001.

However, NASA does not support the claims made by the scientist community. In a press released published in 2005, it commented,

“NASA scientists from Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif., have found strong evidence that life may exist on Mars are incorrect. NASA does not have any observational data from any current Mars missions that supports this claim. The work by the scientists mentioned in the reports cannot be used to directly infer anything about life on Mars, but may help formulate the strategy for how to search for Martian life. Their research concerns extreme environments on Earth as analogs of possible environments on Mars. No research paper has been submitted by them to any scientific journal asserting Martian life.”

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